Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide is an inorganic filter that absorbs and scatters UV. It is strongest in UVB and UVA2 and weaker than zinc oxide at the longest UVA. Australia allows 25%. FDA treats it as GRASE at up to 25%. The EU cap is 25%, with extra rules for nano grades and a ban on uses that can reach the lungs.

TGA reviewed nanoparticles in 2017 and still stands by that review: nano TiO2 does not go deep into living skin, and even if a tiny amount gets through it is unlikely to cause harm when used as directed. Labels are not required to declare particle size.

SCCS has kept its earlier dermal conclusions for the grades and coatings already evaluated. The publicised genotoxicity debate is mainly about inhaled or ingested particles, not lotion on intact skin. Avoid aerosols and loose powders.

A first-choice mineral option, often blended with zinc for fuller UVA.